There are three main causes for problems with sperm: production, function and delivery.
Sperm Abnormality:
Sperm can have an abnormal shape and movement that would create troubles for fertilization. The shape and framework of a sperm is referred to as "sperm morphology". Obviously if the sperm have mobility problems they will have difficulty even reaching the egg. Any abnormal shape of the sperm also contributes to difficulty with mobility.
The absence of sperm in the testicles is extremely rare but it does occur and is a cause for infertility. Couples who are diagnosed with this as their cause for infertility have very little options, other than sperm donor or adoption.
Normally a man will produce approximately 20 million sperm per milliliter of semen. If the test reveals that a man offers 10 million or less, that would be classified as having a low sperm count. There can be many reasons for a low sperm count. When a man has less than 5 million sperm per milliliter of semen, than genetic causes are considered.
Reasons for low sperm count:
Diseases like Varicocele, which prevents the testicle from cooling. When temperatures is too high sperm cannot survive. Cryptorchidism or an undescended testicle happens when one or both of the male testicles fail to descend from the abdominal into the scrotum during fetal advancement. This causes troubles in sperm manufacturing because the sperm are exposed to higher body temperature in the abdominal.
Other causes of low sperm count are: disorders of the testicles or irregular hypothalamus or pituitary glands. There exists a problem of the sex chromosomes that can cause abnormal advancement of the testicles which results in a lower than normal level of testosterone.
Males who contract certain infections can also have an adverse affect on their sperm count. Infections such as some sexually transmitted diseases like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Scarring happens during the course of these diseases that can cause block the passage of sperm. When males come down with the disease mumps former childhood, they can experience an irritation of their testicles that may result in lower sperm counts or impaired sperm. Should the man's prostate, epididymis or urethra become inflamed this can cause motility problems with his sperm.
Delivery Problems:
Delivery troubles are classified as when the man has difficulty getting the sperm from his penis into the woman's vagina.
Causes can be:
Sexual in nature
Problems with the ejaculation
A possible blockage in the epididymis or the ejaculatory ducts
Absense of the fluid part of the semen
A misplaced urinary opening, also called the "hypospadias"
Anti-sperm antibodies (usually present in instances of men undergoing a reversal of a vasectomy.
Cystic fibrosis - men with this disease may not have a vasa deferentia or it could be blocked.
Health and Lifestyle Causes:
Emotional stress
Deficiencies in Vitamin C, Selenium, zinc or folate
Obesity
Cancer and the treatment for this disease
Alcohol and drugs
Severe injury or having major medical operation to the male reproductive organ
Other diseases that can contribute to male infertility are:
Anemia
Diabetes
Cushing's syndrome
Having a heart attack
HIV/AIDS
Kidney or Liver failure
Age:
Just like in women there is a decline in fertility with men after age 35. Males however, have a more gradual decline in fertility than ladies do.
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